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The CORSAIR study
In 2012, our joint team from King’s College London (Louise Smith, Nicola Fear, James Rubin), University College London (Henry Potts, Susan Michie) and Public Health England (now the UK Health Security Agency; Richard Amlôt) were awarded a grant by the National Institute of Health Research to develop a set questions that could be used in the event of a future pandemic. This tool would help academics and policy makers understand how the public were responding in terms of their behaviours and the influences on those behaviours, and what impact official communications and policies were having. The NIHR funding allowed us to conduct preparatory work to develop these questions and then to ‘hibernate’ the study until a pandemic occurred. The plan was that, if and when a pandemic broke out, we would come out of hibernation and assist the English Department of Health and Social Care in launching, modifying and analysing their surveys.
Our papers about the preparatory work are available here:
- Rubin GJ, Bakhshi S, Amlot R, Fear N, Potts HWW, Michie S. The design of a survey questionnaire to measure perceptions and behaviour during an influenza pandemic: the Flu Telephone Survey Template (FluTEST). Health Services and Delivery Research. 2014;2(41): 1-125. doi: 10.3310/hsdr02410
- Simpson CR, Knight M, Beever D, Challen K, De Angelis D, Fragaszy E, Goodacre S, Hayward A, Shen Lim W, Meakin G, Rubin GJ, Semple M, Walters H. The UK's pandemic influenza research portfolio: a model for future research on emerging infections. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2019;19(8):e295-e300 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30786-2.
In February 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread to the UK. The DHSC had begun a series of surveys to explore public responses in late January. Our project was activated by NIHR shortly after these surveys began and we started work analysing their data and making recommendations to DHSC, SAGE and others. We have published accounts of our experiences here:
- Simpson CR, Thomas BD, Challen K, De Angelis D, Fragaszy E, Goodacre S, Hayward A, Lim WS, Rubin GJ, Semple MG, Knight M. The UK hibernated pandemic influenza research portfolio: triggered for COVID-19. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2020; doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30398-4
- Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Smith LE, Rubin GJ. Rapid research in a pandemic: foresight, preparedness and collaboration. BMJ Opinion 1 April 2021.
Data used in reports that we have shared with DHSC, NHS England, SAGE and other groups have in many cases also appeared in peer-reviewed papers. The lists below give links to our reports, pre-prints and final peer reviewed papers. We will continue to update this list with outputs as they appear.
Data reports
- Worry, behaviour and stigma following UK Government communications during the COVID-19 outbreak: results from three UK surveys (Shared with DHSC, 24 February 2020)
- Worry, recommended behaviours and stigma. Wave 4 – 17th to 20th February 2020 (Shared with DHSC, 26 February 2020)
- Vulnerable populations. Wave 6 – 2nd to 5th March 2020 (Shared with DHSC, 9 March 2020)
- Key information sources, by wave (Shared with DHSC, 17 March 2020)
- Hand hygiene behaviours – impact of handwashing campaign (Shared with DHSC, 17 March 2020)
- Vulnerable populations. Wave 7 – 9th to 11th March 2020 (Shared with DHSC, 17 March 2020)
- Symptom knowledge and intentions when ill (Shared with DHSC, 18 March 2020)
- Self-reported adherence to social distancing measures (Shared with DHSC, 3 April 2020)
- Self-reported adherence to self-isolation (Shared with DHSC, 7 April 2020)
- Handwashing behaviours (Shared with DHSC, 9 April 2020)
- Symptom identification and associated factors (Shared with DHSC, 9 April 2020)
- Changes in behaviour if you think you have ever had coronavirus or have had it confirmed by a test (Shared with DHSC, 14 April 2020)
- Keeping well physically and psychological wellbeing during the Government “lockdown”, and impact on adherence to social distancing measures (Shared with DHSC, 20 April 2020)
- Psychological wellbeing and self-reported general health (Shared with DHSC, 7 May 2020)
- Self-reported adherence to self-isolation and social distancing measures (Shared with DHSC, 11 May 2020)
- Personal protective behaviours in NHS workers (Shared with NHS England, 14 May 2020)
- Symptom prevalence (Shared with SPI-B, 22 May 2020)
- Ethnicity, COVID-19-related behaviours, attitudes and outcomes (Shared with DHSC, 4 June 2020)
- Public perceptions of a COVID-19 tracking app (Shared with DHSC, 8 June 2020)
- Factors associated with uptake of the Test, Trace and Isolate (TTI) system (Shared with DHSC, 12 June 2020)
- Physical distancing and related behaviours: changes over time (Shared with DHSC, 16 June 2020)
- Public perceptions of a COVID-19 tracking app (Shared with DHSC, 13 July 2020)
- Factors associated with requesting an antigen test and self-isolating after developing symptoms of coronavirus (Shared with DHSC, 14 July 2020)
- Adherence to the test, trace and isolate system (CORSAIR study). (Shared with SAGE, 3 September 2020).
- Annex to Evidence summary of impacts to date of public health communications to minority ethnic groups and related challenges. (Annex to Report by Ethnicity Subgroup of SAGE, 23 September 2020)
- Socialising indoors and outdoors (Report to inform Nervtag paper, 20 October 2020)
- Use of the NHS COVID-19 App (Shared with DHSC, 2 November 2020)
- Clusters of behaviours and adherence (Shared with DHSC, 5 November 2020)
- Ventilation (Shared with SPI-B and EMG, 25 November 2020)
- Clusters of self-reported behaviours and adherence in those who had COVID-19 symptoms (Shared with DHSC, 4 December 2020)
- Workplace attendance in people able to work and factors predicting it: evidence from cross-sectional surveys. Report to SAGE 4 February 2021
- Factors associated with vaccine hesitancy (Shared with SPI-B, 10 March 2021)
- Impact of vaccination on adherence to rules and guidance about personal protective behaviours (PPBs) and social distancing (Shared with DHSC, 13 April 2021)
- Impact of attitudes and beliefs about COVID-19 on adherence to rules and guidance about personal protective behaviours (PPBs) and social distancing (Shared with DHSC, 7 May 2021)
- Who is engaging with COVID-19 testing? (Shared with DHSC, 14 June 2021)
- Recognition of symptoms of COVID-19 (Shared with PHE, 14 June 2021)
- Graphs of validated measures [PHQ4, SWEMWS, AUDIT-C] (Shared with DHSC, 23 June 2021)
- Impact of vaccination on adherence to rules and guidance about personal protective behaviours (PPBs) and social distancing (Shared with DHSC, 25 June 2021)
- Do members of the public think they should use lateral flow tests or PCR tests when they have COVID-19-like symptoms? The COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study. (Shared with DHSC, 28 June 2021)
- Changes in behaviour following 19 July 2021 (Shared with DHSC, 6 August 2021)
- Risky social mixing (Shared with DHSC, 9 August 2021)
- Risky social mixing – age in bands (Shared with DHSC, 18 August 2021)
- Testing when symptomatic, and staying at home with influenza-like illness, during autumn and winter 2021 (Report to SAGE, 30 September 2021)
- Agency and risk - impact on adopting protective behaviours (Shared with DHSC, 5 November 2021)
- At risk groups (Shared with SPI-B Chairs, 21 December 2021)
Final report
- The COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses (CORSAIR) study: Final report. (Shared with DHSC, 22 June 2022)
Pre-prints
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. Worry and behaviour at the start of the COVID-19 outbreak: results from three UK surveys (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study). OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/h28gq
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. Holding a stigmatising attitude at the start of the COVID-19 outbreak (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study). OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/uqvxs
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. Engagement with protective behaviours in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: A series of cross-sectional surveys (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study). OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/g6qbx
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. Adherence to the test, trace and isolate system: results from a time series of 21 nationally representative surveys in the UK (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study). medRxiv (2020). DOI [pre-print]: 10.1101/2020.09.15.20191957
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. Psychological wellbeing in the English population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a series of cross-sectional surveys. OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/yj5nb
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. Intention to adhere to test, trace, and isolate during the COVID-19 pandemic (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study). OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/s85cm
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. How have patterns of social mixing changed during the pandemic? A series of cross-sectional nationally representative surveys. OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/duxvf
- Michie S, Potts HWW, West R, Amlôt R, Smith LE, Fear NT, Rubin GJ. Factors associated with nonessential workplace attendance during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK in early 2021: evidence from cross-sectional surveys. OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/tzhm6
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. Tiered restrictions for COVID-19 in England: knowledge, motivation to adhere and self-reported behaviour (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study). OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/ukvw2
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. Who is engaging with lateral flow testing for COVID-19 in the UK? The COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses (CORSAIR) study. OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/atn5u
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S & Rubin GJ. Do members of the public think they should use lateral flow tests or PCR tests when they have COVID-19-like symptoms? The COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study. OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/jz8kp
- Smith LE, West R, Potts HWW, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Rubin GJ, Michie S. Knowledge of self-isolation rules in the UK for those who have symptoms of Covid-19: a repeated cross-sectional survey study. OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/dx26j
- Davies R, Martin AF, Smith LE, Mowbray F, Woodland L, Amlôt R, Rubin GJ. The impact of “freedom day” on COVID-19 health protective behaviour in England: An observational study of hand hygiene, face covering use and physical distancing in public spaces pre and post the relaxing of restrictions. OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/twgbf
- Rubin GJ, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Potts HWW, Michie S, Smith LE. Do people with symptoms of an infectious illness follow advice to stay at home? Evidence from a series of cross-sectional surveys in the UK. OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/u52fx
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. How has the emergence of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern influenced worry, perceived risk, and behaviour in the UK? A series of cross-sectional surveys. OSF (2021). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/rpcu2
- Smith LE, West R, Potts HWW, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Rubin GJ, Michie S. Factors associated with wearing a facemask in shops in England following removal of a legal requirement to do so during the COVID-19 pandemic. OSF (2023). DOI [pre-print]: 10.31219/osf.io/28c5e
Peer-reviewed papers
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Adherence to the test, trace, and isolate system in the UK: results from 37 nationally representative surveys. BMJ 2021;372:n608. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n608
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Do members of the public think they should use lateral flow tests (LFT) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests when they have COVID-19-like symptoms? The COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses study. Public Health 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.023
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Tiered restrictions for COVID-19 in England: knowledge, motivation, and self-reported behaviour. Public Health 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.12.016
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Intention to adhere to test, trace, and isolate during the COVID-19 pandemic (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses study). British Journal of Health Psychology 2021. DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.125761
- Smith LE, Potts HW, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. COVID-19 and Ventilation in the Home; Investigating Peoples' Perceptions and Self-Reported Behaviour (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] Study). Environmental Health Insights 2021;15: 1–2. DOI: 10.1177/11786302211015588
- Michie S, Potts HWW, West R, Amlôt R, Smith LE, Fear NT, Rubin GJ. Factors associated with nonessential workplace attendance during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK in early 2021: evidence from cross sectional surveys. British Journal of Health Psychology 2021; 198: 106-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.002
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Holding a stigmatizing attitude at the start of the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional survey. British Journal of Health Psychology (2021). DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12564
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Worry and behaviour at the start of the COVID-19 outbreak. Results from three UK surveys (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study). Preventive Medicine Reports 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101686.
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Who is engaging with lateral flow testing for COVID-19 in the UK? The COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses (CORSAIR) study. BMJ Open 2022;12:e058060. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058060.
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Patterns of social mixing in England changed in line with restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2020 to April 2022). Science Reports 2022; 12: 10436. DoI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14431-3
- Rubin GJ, Smith LE, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Potts HWW, Michie S. Do people with symptoms of an infectious illness follow advice to stay at home? Evidence from a series of cross-sectional surveys in the UK. BMJ Open 2022; 12: e060511. Doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060511
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. How has the emergence of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern influenced worry, perceived risk, and behaviour in the UK? A series of cross-sectional surveys. BMJ Open 2022; 12: e061203. Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061203
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Psychological wellbeing in the English population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a series of cross-sectional surveys. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 153: 254-259. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychires.2022.06.040.
- Smith LE, Potts HWW, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Michie S, Rubin GJ. Engagement with protective behaviours in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: A series of cross-sectional surveys (the COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses [CORSAIR] study). BMC Public Health 2022; 475 doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12777-x
- Smith LR, West R, Potts HWW, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Rubin GJ, Michie S. Knowledge of self-isolation rules in the UK for those who have symptoms of COVID-19: A repeated cross-sectional survey study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20: 1952. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031952
- Davies R, Martin AF, Smith LE, Mowbray F, Woodland L, Amlȏt R, Rubin GJ. The impact of “freedom day” on COVID-19 health protective behaviour in England: An observational study of hand hygiene, face covering use and physical distancing in public spaces pre and post the relaxing of restrictions. JRSM Open 2023; 14:3 doi: 10.1177/20542704231153563
- Smith LE, West R, Potts HWW, Amlȏt R, Fear NT, Rubin GJ, Michie S. (2023). Factors associated with wearing a facemask in shops in England following removal of a legal requirement to do so during the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Health Psych. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12684
- Rubin GJ, Smith LE, Amlôt R, Fear NT, Potts HWW, Michie S. The changing nature of worry about COVID-19 among the English public: An analysis of 73 national, cross-sectional surveys, January 2020 to April 2022. BMJ Open 2024; 14: e088027.